Novikova Olga Nikolaevna – PhD in History, Head of the Department of Europe and America, INION RAS
The article attempts to analyze main problems related to search for an adequate definition of left-wing extremism that resorts to violence. It highlights the main research approaches to studying violent extremism, a term used primarily in English-language literature. Namely: political-ideological, socio-psychological, behavioral. The place of the non-violent form in the extremism paradigm is determined. It is shown that extremism can manifest itself in both negative and positive ways when it can contribute to progressive changes in society. A definition of left-wing «violent extremism» is given main ideological currents underlying it are indicated: Marxism, anarchism and their variants. The attitude of extremist movements to violence is shown and the reasons for the use of violent methods by extremist organisations are identified: greater effectiveness of influence than propaganda; destruction of the idea of the state monopoly on violence, provocation of the state for retaliatory violence, which usually manifests itself in brutal way, which causes citizens to feel sympathy with extremists. The conditions when the activities of left-wing extremist organizations can be successful are shown. In modern conditions, these are cases when the program of left-wing extremist groups coincides with the mood of broad sections of the public. Moreover, the state opposing extremists must be weak, as well as its repressive apparatus. The trajectory of possible growth of protest actions into rebel movements is shown. It is shown that this scheme of conflict development is characteristic of national liberation movements, that are oriented towards Marxist, anarchist or Maoist ideology. The changes in the social base of left-wing «violent extremism» under the manifestation of the consequences of neoliberal globalisation are described. This form of extremism is supported by representatives of the youth, the precariat, trade unions, university professors and academics. The reasons for the weakening of left-wing «violent extremism» in Europe and the conditions for its possible revival are indicated.
extremism, left-wing «violent extremism», insurgency, precariat
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